I gave a research talk, in Paris, to the French Society for the History of Childbirth (Société d’Histoire de la Naissance) on the subject of the perception of infertility in the seventeenth century. Drawing on writings by both doctors and midwives, especially Louis de Serres (1625) and Louise Bourgeois (1609-1617-1626), I showed how practitioners moved between compassion for women unable to conceive or carry to term a living child, and harsher views that infertility might have a moral cause.